Trabalho sexual em período de pandemia por COVID-19 no contexto íbero-americano: análise de anúncios em websites / Sex Work during the COVID-19 Pandemic Period in the Ibero-American Context: analysis of advertisements on websites

Resumo Trabalhadores do sexo tornam-se cada vez mais vulneráveis economicamente como resultado das medidas restritivas implementadas para responder à pandemia de coronavírus. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo é analisar o conteúdo dos websites e anúncios de prostituição sobre medidas relacionadas à pandemia por COVID-19. Trata-se de descrição do fluxo de visitas e análise de conteúdo das comunicações em websites que anunciam transações de sexo comercial. Realizou-se cálculo de variação percentual do número de visitas para três períodos compreendidos entre 02/2019 a 04/2020. Posteriormente, extraíram-se anúncios com os termos "corona", "pandemia" e "quarentena" em websites que oferecem mecanismo de busca. Para análise de conteúdo, utilizou-se o método de Bardin. Houve aumento no número de acessos nos websites de prostituição entre o ano de 2019 e 2020, seguido de queda com a advento da crise pandêmica por coronavírus. Dentre as medidas de proteção durante a pandemia, destacam-se as recomendações de saúde e o incentivo ao sexo virtual. Dentre 1.991.014 anúncios, 0,51% mencionam a crise por COVID-19 quanto ao descumprimento do distanciamento social, medidas de proteção e oferta de sexo on-line.

Abstract Sex workers become increasingly economically vulnerable due to the restrictive measures implemented to combat the coronavirus pandemic. In this respect, the scope of this study is to analyze the content of prostitution websites and advertisements regarding measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic. It involved a description of the visits and analysis of content of communications on websites that advertise commercial sex transactions. The percentage change in the number of visits for three periods from 02/2019 to 04/2020 was calculated. Subsequently, ads with the terms "corona," "pandemic" and "quarantine" on websites that offer search engines were extracted. The Bardin method was then used for content analysis. There was an increase in the number of visits to prostitution websites between 2019 and 2020, followed by a decrease with the advent of the coronavirus pandemic crisis. With regard to the protection measures during the pandemic, health recommendations and the incentive to engage in virtual sex are highlighted. Of the 1,991,014 advertisements, 0.51% mention the COVID-19 crisis regarding noncompliance with social distancing, protection measures and the offer of online sex.

Food advertisements on television and eating habits in adolescents: a school-based study

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the association of television food advertisements with eating habits in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS The sample was composed of 1,011 adolescents, aged from 10-17 years. The influence of television food advertisements on eating habits, as well as food consumption and socioeconomic variables were assessed through questionnaires. A binary logistic regression was performed to assess the magnitude of the associations, adjusted for gender, age, socioeconomic status, and parental schooling. RESULTS Of the sample, 83.3% (n = 843) reported food consumption while watching TV. Adolescents who do not consume food while watching TV had a higher weekly consumption of fruits (3.98, SD = 2.0 versus 3.39, SD = 2.1) and vegetables (4.1, SD = 2.2 versus 3.4, SD = 2.3). Adolescents that consume food while watching TV had higher weekly consumption of fried foods (3.1, SD = 2.0 versus 2.3, SD = 1.7), sweets (4.1, SD = 2.1 versus 3.3, SD = 2.1), soft drinks (3.2, SD = 2.1 versus 2.2, SD = 1.9), and snacks (2.3, SD = 2.0 versus 1.6, SD = 1.7). For 73,8% of the sample, food advertisements induce product consumerism, most commonly sweets and fast foods. Buying or asking to buy food after seeing it on the television was associated with fried foods (OR = 1.36, 95%CI = 1.03- 1.79), sweets (OR = 1.69, 95%CI = 1.30-2.18), and snacks (OR = 1.57, 95%CI = 1.12-2.22). CONCLUSION Food advertisements were associated with greater consumption of fried foods, sweets, and snacks in adolescents, even after adjusting for confounding factors.

Development and evaluation of food environment audit instrument: Auditnova / Desenvolvimento e avaliação de instrumento de auditoria do ambiente alimentar: Auditnova

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To develop and assess the reliability of an instrument that enables auditing information on consumer food environment indicators, such as availability, price, promotional and advertising strategies, and quantity of brands available, using the food recommendations adopted by the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population as a theoretical basis. METHODS This is a methodological study in two phases: 1. development of the audit instrument and 2. assessment of its reliability and reproducibility . The Content Validity Index was estimated for each instrument item (>0.80 satisfactory). Inter-rater and test-retest reliability were assessed by percentage agreement and Kappa coefficients. Pearson's correlation coefficient and Scatter-plots were used to measure the degree of linear correlation between two quantitative variables. RESULTS The Content Validity Index was 0.91. Inter-rater and test-retest reliability were mostly high (Kappa> 0.80), for food availability indicators. Among the items that measure advertising, Kappa values for inter-rater reliability ranged from 0.57 to 1.00 and for the test-retest ranged from 0.18 to 0.90. Prices and quantity of brands showed a positive linear correlation between measurements performed by researcher 1 and 2 and between visits 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS AUDITNOVA is reliable for measuring aspects such as availability, price, quantity of brands, and advertising of foods available in the consumer food environment.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Desenvolver e avaliar a confiabilidade de um instrumento de auditoria do ambiente alimentar do consumidor que possibilite captar informações sobre indicadores do ambiente alimentar do consumidor como disponibilidade, preço, estratégias promocionais e publicitárias e quantidade de marcas disponíveis, utilizando como base teórica as recomendações alimentares adotadas pelo Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira. MÉTODOS Trata-se de um estudo metodológico em duas fases: 1. desenvolvimento do instrumento de auditoria e 2. avaliação de sua confiabilidade e reprodutibilidade . Foi calculado o índice de validade de conteúdo para cada item do instrumento (satisfatório > 0,80). A confiabilidade interavaliadores e teste-reteste foram avaliadas por percentual de concordância e coeficientes de Kappa. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e scatter-plots foram utilizados para medir o grau da correlação linear entre duas variáveis quantitativas. RESULTADOS O índice de validade de conteúdo total foi de 0,91. A confiabilidade interavaliadores e teste-reteste foram altas (Kappa >0,80), em sua maioria, para indicadores de disponibilidade de alimentos. Entre os itens que medem a publicidade, a confiabilidade interavaliadores apresentou valores de Kappa de 0,57 a 1,00, enquanto o teste-reteste apresentou Kappas de 0,18 a 0,90. Preços e quantidade de marcas apresentaram correlação linear positiva entre as medidas realizadas pelo pesquisador 1 e 2 e entre as visitas 1 e 2. CONCLUSÕES O AUDITNOVA é confiável para mensurar aspectos como disponibilidade, preço, quantidade de marcas e publicidade de alimentos disponíveis no ambiente alimentar do consumidor.

Uso de Facebook, estrés percibido y consumo de alcohol en jóvenes universitarios / Use of Facebook, perceived stress and alcohol consumption among university students

Resumen Analizar el efecto entre el uso de Facebook, el estrés percibido y el consumo de alcohol en jóvenes. Fue realizado un estudio descriptivo, correlacional y transversal. La muestra fue de 110 jóvenes universitarios jóvenes universitarios de Nuevo León, México. Muestreo probabilístico. Se utilizó una Cedula de Datos Personales y Prevalencias del Consumo de Alcohol, Cuestionario de Identificación de Trastornos por Uso del Alcohol (AUDIT), Cuestionario de Uso de Facebook y la Escala de Estrés Percibido. Se contó con la aprobación del Comité de Ética en Investigación. Se encontró que el 6,4% de los jóvenes mencionaron que el uso de Facebook ha afectado su consumo de alcohol. El visualizar anuncios con contenido de alcohol en Facebook se relacionó con el consumo de alcohol (rs = 0,204, p < 0,05). Las horas que se utiliza Facebook se relacionó con el estrés percibido (rs = 0,189, p < 0,05). Finalmente se observó que existe un efecto significativo entre las horas y días de uso de Facebook, el estrés percibido por los jóvenes, la edad y el sexo sobre el consumo de alcohol perjudicial en los jóvenes universitarios (R2= 30,9%, p = 0,003). Por lo tanto es importante y necesario el considerar las redes sociales como una variable importante para ser incluida en futuras intervenciones en salud mental.

Abstract Analysis of the effect between the use of Facebook, perceived stress and alcohol consumption among young people. A descriptive, correlative and cross-sectional study was carried out. The sample of 1110 young university students from Nuevo León, Mexico, was selected by probability sample. Personal Data and Prevalence of Alcohol Consumption Inventory, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Facebook Use Identification Test, Perceived Stress Scale were used. The Research Ethics Committee approved it. We observed 6.4% of young people have mentioned that the use of Facebook affected the alcohol consumption. Seeing adds with alcohol on Facebook was related to alcohol consumption (rs = 0,204, p < 0,05). At the time Facebook was used, it was related to the perceived stress (rs = 0,189, p < 0,05). Finally, it was observed that there is a significant impact between the hours and days of use of Facebook, the stress perceived by young people, the age and gender regarding the harmful alcohol consumption among university students (R2 = 30,9%, p = 0,003). Therefore, it is crucial and necessary to consider social networks an important variable to be included in future interventions regarding mental health.

Alimentos y bebidas publicitados en canales infantiles de Argentina: frecuencia, duración y calidad nutricional / Food and beverage advertising on children's TV channels in Argentina: Frequency, duration, and nutritional quality

El marketing de alimentos y bebidas ha sido identificado como uno de los determinantes del consumo de alimentos y bebidas poco saludables en la población infantil. Objetivo. Conocer la frecuencia y duración de publicidades de alimentos y bebidas en programación televisiva infantil y la calidad nutricional de los alimentos y bebidas publicitados. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal. Se realizaron grabaciones en dos períodos, durante la semana y el fin de semana, de canales de cable infantiles y de la programación infantil de los canales de aire. Se registró el tipo, la cantidad y el tiempo de las publicidades emitidas. Se analizó la calidad nutricional de los alimentos y bebidas publicitados. Resultados. Se analizaron 402,3 horas de programación infantil. Se registraron 3711 avisos publicitarios. El 20,9% de las publicidades correspondieron a alimentos y bebidas, en promedio 1,9 ± 1,0 avisos por hora, equivalente a 0,68 ± 0,36 min/hora. Los lácteos, golosinas y productos de las cadenas de comidas rápidas fueron los alimentos con mayor presencia. Solo una tercera parte de los alimentos y bebidas publicitados (35,8%) fueron categorizados como saludables según el sistema de perfiles nutricionales. De acuerdo con el sistema de perfilado del semáforo nutricional, la mitad eran altos en azúcares; una cuarta parte, altos en grasas saturadas y, aproximadamente, 15% eran altos en sodio o grasas. Conclusión. La publicidad de alimentos y bebidas ocupó una quinta parte del tiempo de publicidad televisiva. Los grupos de alimentos más publicitados fueron los lácteos seguidos por dulces y golosinas, productos de las cadenas de comidas rápidas y bebidas. Dos terceras partes de los alimentos y bebidas publicitados se consideraron poco saludables.

Food and beverage marketing has been identified as one of the determinants of unhealthy food and beverage consumption in the child population. Objective. To determine the frequency and duration of food and beverage advertising in children's programming and the nutritional quality of advertised food and beverages. Methods. Descriptive, cross-sectional study. Children's cable and broadcast channel programming was recorded in two periods: over the week and on the weekend. The type, quantity, and duration of commercials were recorded. The nutritional quality of advertised food and beverages was analyzed. Results. A total of 402.3 hours of children's programming were recorded. In total, 3711 commercials were identified. Among these, 20.9% corresponded to food and beverages, i.e., an average of 1.9 ± 1.0 commercials per hour or equivalent to 0.68 ± 0.36 min/hour. Dairy products, candies, and fast-food meals were the most advertised food products. Only a third of advertised food and beverages (35.8%) were categorized as healthy as per the nutrient profiling system. Based on the traffic light labeling system, 50% of advertised food and beverages were high in sugar, 25% were high in saturated fat, and approximately 15% were high in sodium or fat. Conclusion. Food and beverage advertising accounted for 20% of television advertising time. The most advertised products were dairy products, followed by candies and sweet snacks, fast-food meals, and beverages. Two-thirds of advertised food and beverages were considered unhealthy.

Exposición a la publicidad de tabaco y consumo de tabaco en adolescentes en América del Sur / Tobacco advertisement exposure and tobacco consumption among youths in South America

Resumen: Objetivo: Este estudio evalúa la relación estadística entre la exposición a la publicidad de tabaco y el tabaquismo en los adolescentes de América del Sur. Material y métodos: Usando datos de la Encuesta Mundial de Tabaquismo en Jóvenes (GYTS) se estudiaron los niveles de exposición a nivel de escuela, ante distintos tipos de publicidad, además se evaluaron los comportamientos asociados al tabaquismo durante la experimentación y consumo. La muestra total fue de 134 073 jóvenes de Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Perú, Brasil, Uruguay, Surinam, Colombia, Guyana, Ecuador, Paraguay y Venezuela que se combinaron en el análisis. Resultados: La exposición a la publicidad está positiva y significativamente asociada a un incremento en las probabilidades de que los jóvenes experimenten con el cigarrillo al menos una vez en sus vidas. Para los fumadores activos, la exposición a la publicidad está positiva y significativamente asociada con el número de cigarrillos fumados. Conclusiones: La publicidad de productos de tabaco debe ser controlada fuertemente o eliminada totalmente en varios países de Sudamérica.

Abstract: Objective: To assesses the statistical association between exposure to tobacco marketing and tobacco consumption among adolescents in South America, by using data from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey. Materials and methods: Using data from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), the exposure to tobacco marketing at the school level was studied from advertising in TV, radio, massive public events and street advertisement. Tobacco behaviour was considered. The total pooled sample used was 134 073 youths from Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru, Brazil, Uruguay, Suriname, Colombia, Guyana, Ecuador, Paraguay and Venezuela. Results: The exposure to tobacco marketing is positively and significantly associated to the probability of youths experimenting with tobacco (at least once in their lifetime). For regular smokers, exposure to tobacco marketing is positively and significantly associated to smoking intensity. Conclusions: These results call for the implementation of strong restrictions on tobacco advertisement of various types in South American countries.

Análise da publicidade televisiva de alimentos no contexto das recomendações do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira / Analysis of TV food advertising in the context of recommendations by the Food Guide for the Brazilian Population / Análisis de la publicidad televisiva de alimentos en el contexto de las recomendaciones de la Guía Alimentaria para la Población Brasileña

O objetivo do estudo é analisar a publicidade televisiva de alimentos no Brasil com base nas recomendações do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira de 2014. A programação dos quatro canais mais populares de televisão foi gravada em janeiro de 2014, por dois dias não consecutivos. Os comerciais foram categorizados em (i) alimentos e bebidas, (ii) restaurantes e (iii) serviços, bens e produtos não alimentícios, sendo aqueles referentes à alimentação subdivididos conforme recomendações do guia. As categorias de comerciais foram descritas por meio de sua frequência (e intervalo de 95% de confiança), para o conjunto total dos registros e segundo o dia da semana. Dos 2.732 comerciais que foram identificados, a publicidade de alimentos e bebidas representou a terceira maior categoria anunciada, com 10,2%. Nessa categoria, os alimentos ultraprocessados corresponderam a 60,7% dos anúncios, e os alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados a cerca de 7%. A realidade evidenciada se opõe às recomendações do guia, reforçando a importância de ações para a regulamentação da publicidade de alimentos no Brasil.

This study aimed to analyze TV food advertising in Brazil based on the recommendations of the Food Guide for the Brazilian Population, 2014. Programming from the four most popular TV channels was recorded on two non-consecutive days in January 2014. The commercials were categorized in (i) foods and beverages, (ii) restaurants, and (iii) non-food services, goods, and products, with those in the first category subdivided according to recommendations in the food guide. The commercials’ categories were described by means of their frequency (and 95% confidence interval), for all the records and according to the day of the week. Of the 2,732 commercials that were identified, food and beverage advertising was the third largest category, with 10.2% of the total. In this category, ultra-processed foods accounted for 60.7% of the commercials, while fresh or minimally processed foods at around 7%. The findings run counter to the guide’s recommendations, reinforcing the importance of measures to regulate food advertising in Brazil.

El objetivo del estudio es analizar la publicidad televisiva de alimentos en Brasil, en base a las recomendaciones de la Guía Alimentaria para la Población Brasileña de 2014. La programación de los cuatro canales más populares de televisión fue grabada en enero de 2014, durante dos días no consecutivos. Los anuncios fueron categorizados en (i) alimentos y bebidas, (ii) restaurantes y (iii) servicios, bienes y productos no alimenticios, siendo aquellos referentes a la alimentación subdivididos conforme las recomendaciones de la guía. Las categorías de anuncios fueron descritas mediante su frecuencia (e intervalo de 95% de confianza), para el conjunto total de los registros y según el día de la semana. De los 2.732 anuncios que se identificaron, la publicidad de alimentos y bebidas representó la tercera mayor categoría anunciada, con un 10,2%. En esa categoría, los alimentos ultraprocesados correspondieron a un 60,7% de los anuncios, y los alimentos in natura o mínimamente procesados a cerca de un 7%. La realidad evidenciada se opone a las recomendaciones de la guía, reforzando la importancia de acciones para la regulación de la publicidad de alimentos en Brasil.

Analysis of television food advertising on children's programming on "free-to-air" broadcast stations in Brazil / Analise dos alimentos anunciados durante a programacao infantil em emissoras de canal aberto no Brasil

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the content of television food advertising on Brazilian 'free-to-air' broadcast stations during children's programming. METHODS: This is a descriptive study which evaluated the content of food advertising between 08:00 a.m. and 06:00 p.m. on three Brazilian 'free-to-air' broadcast stations (A, B and C). Data collection was performed during 10 week days and weekends. Food advertising was organized according to the food group classification from the Food Guide for the Brazilian Population. The annual exposure to food advertising was obtained considering the national children average exposure to television of five daily hours. The χ2 and Fisher's exact test were conducted in order to identify differences in the content of television advertising in the morning and in the afternoon and between broadcast stations. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty six hours of programming were recorded, totalizing 1,369 commercials - 13.8% of food. There was major participation of 'sugars and sweets' (48.1%) and 'oils and fats' (29.1%) among food advertising and much food publicity in the afternoon (15.7%; morning: 12.2%, p = 0.037). Moreover, the broadcast with more audience was the one that advertised more food (A: 63.5%; B: 12.2%; C: 24.3%), especially 'sugar and sweets' (A: 59.2%; B: 43.5%; C: 21.7%). Finally, an annual average exposure to 2,735.5 commercials was obtained for Brazilian children, totalizing 2,106.3 of food rich in sugar and fat publicity. CONCLUSION: Food advertising is focused on poor nutritionally food, emphasizing the need for specific intervention strategies. .

OBJETIVO: Analisar os tipos de alimentos veiculados em propagandas da televisão aberta brasileira durante a programação infantil. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo com avaliação do conteúdo das propagandas veiculadas entre 08h00 min e 18h00 min em três emissoras brasileiras de televisão de canal aberto (A, B e C). A coleta de dados foi realizada durante 10 dias de semana e finais de semana. As propagandas de alimentos foram classificadas segundo os grupos alimentares do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira e obteve-se a exposição anual às propagandas de alimentos, considerando a média nacional de exposição de crianças a cinco horas diárias à televisão. Os testes χ2 ou Exato de Fisher foram conduzidos no intuito de identificar as diferenças do conteúdo das propagandas televisivas nos turnos manhã e tarde e entre as emissoras. RESULTADOS: Foram gravadas 126 horas de programação, totalizando 1.369 propagandas, sendo 13,8% de alimentos. Verificou-se predominância de anúncio de produtos pertencentes aos grupos dos "açúcares e doces" (48,1%) e "óleos, gorduras e sementes oleaginosas" (29,1%). Observou-se maior publicidade dos alimentos no período da tarde (15,7%; manhã: 12,2%; p = 0,037). Ademais, a emissora de maior audiência foi a que mais veiculou propagandas de alimentos (A: 63,5%; B: 12,2%; C: 24,3%), sobretudo alimentos ricos em açúcares e doces (A: 59,2%; B: 43,5%; C: 21,7%). Por fim, obteve-se média de exposição anual de crianças brasileiras a 2.737,5 propagandas de alimentos, sendo 2.106,3 ricos em açúcares e gorduras. CONCLUSÃO: A publicidade de alimentos se concentra em produtos pobres nutricionalmente, denotando a necessidade de estratégias de intervenção específicas. .

Autorreporte de exposición a publicidad y promoción de tabaco en una cohorte de fumadores mexicanos / Tobacco advertising and promotions: changes in reported exposure in a cohort of Mexican smokers

OBJETIVO: Determinar en población fumadora el nivel de exposición a la mercadotecnia de la industria tabacalera (IT), a través de diferentes métodos de promocionar sus productos, antes y durante la publicación de la Ley General para el Control del Tabaco (LGCT) en 2008. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de cohorte en fumadores adultos (n=941 pre-LGCT y n=1 051 post-LGCT) de cuatro ciudades mexicanas. Se realizaron análisis multivariados mediante modelos de ecuaciones de estimación generalizada (GEE). RESULTADOS: Se incrementó el autorreporte de recepción de muestras gratis de cigarros (3.7 a 8.1%), ropa o artículos con marcas o logos (3.6 a 6.4%), haber visto información sobre eventos especiales (1.9 a 4.7%), y publicidad en bares y discotecas para mayores de edad (21.4 a 28%). Se observaron decrementos de publicidad en exteriores (54.7 a 47.2%). CONCLUSIÓN: Es necesaria una política integral con prohibiciones totales de la publicidad y promoción de los productos de tabaco que integre mayor vigilancia y sanciones para lograr la disminución y prevención del consumo de tabaco.

OBJECTIVE: To determine in a population-based sample of smokers the level exposure to tobacco industry marketing through different channels before and after their restriction through the General Tobacco Control Law of 2008. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were analyzed from a cohort of adult smokers from four Mexican cities who were surveyed in 2007 and 2008. GEE models were estimated for each indicator of advertising and promotion exposure. RESULTS: Increases were found in report of receiving free samples of tobacco (3.7-8.1%), branded clothing (3.6-6.4%), noticing tobacco industry sponsored events (1.9-4.7%) and noticing ads in bars (21.4-28%). Noticing outdoor advertising decreased over this time (54.7 a 47.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm tobacco industry shifting of marketing efforts when advertising and promotion bans are not comprehensive. There is a need to monitor compliance with marketing bans while working to make them comprehensive.

Publicidad y promoción de medicamentos: regulaciones y grado de acatamiento en cinco países de América Latina / Drug advertising and promotion: regulations and extent of compliance in five Latin American countries

OBJETIVO: Analizar las distintas regulaciones sobre promoción de fármacos y su grado de acatamiento reflejado en piezas publicitarias expuestas al público en Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, Nicaragua y Perú. MÉTODOS: Se recogieron 683 piezas promocionales expuestas en establecimientos de salud, farmacias y en la vía pública, de las cuales 132 piezas seleccionadas al azar fueron objeto de análisis. Se examinaron las regulaciones sobre publicidad farmacéutica -incluidas sus coincidencias con los criterios éticos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS)- tomadas de los sitios web oficiales y mediante entrevistas con los responsables de los organismos regulatorios y ministerios de salud de los cinco países del estudio. Se evaluaron los contenidos de los materiales de la muestra para determinar su grado de acatamiento respecto a las regulaciones nacionales y las recomendaciones sobre promoción de medicamentos de la OMS. RESULTADOS: Los países cuentan con regulaciones que incorporan los criterios éticos de la OMS. Más de 80 por ciento de las piezas analizadas incluían las indicaciones del fármaco y más de 70 por ciento omitían información sobre efectos adversos. Cincuenta por ciento de los anuncios de medicamentos de venta libre (MVL) expuestos en farmacias incluían indicaciones no aprobadas por la autoridad sanitaria correspondiente. En los anuncios expuestos en farmacias, no se hallaron diferencias significativas entre los riesgos de la información inadecuada con relación a su condición de venta (MVL o medicamentos de venta con prescripción médica). El riesgo relativo de ausencia de información sobre posología fue de 2,08 (intervalo de confianza de 95 por ciento 1,32-3,39) en las piezas distribuidas en farmacias, comparadas con las expuestas en establecimientos de salud. CONCLUSIONES: Si bien en general los cinco países del estudio incorporan en sus regulaciones sobre promoción y publicidad de medicamentos las recomendaciones de la OMS, con frecuencia dichas ordenanzas no se reflejan en los contenidos de las piezas promocionales.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze differing regulations regarding drug promotion, and the extent of compliance as seen in samples of advertising directed to the public in Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, Nicaragua, and Peru. METHODS: A total of 683 pieces of promotional material on display in health facilities, pharmacies, and on the street were collected, 132 of which were randomly selected for analysis. The regulations governing pharmaceutical advertising, taken from official websites and interviews with regulatory officials and Ministry of Health staff in the five countries covered, were reviewed, along with their adherence to the ethical criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO). The contents of the materials in the sample were evaluated to determine their degree of compliance with national regulations and WHO recommendations on drug promotion. RESULTS: The countries have regulations incorporating WHO ethical criteria. Over 80 percent of the material analyzed included the indications for the drug, while over 70 percent omitted information on adverse effects. Fifty percent of the advertisements for overthe-counter (OTC) drugs on display in pharmacies listed indications not approved by the relevant health authority. In advertising in pharmacies, the risks from inadequate information were not found to differ significantly for OTC or prescription medications. Compared with materials provided in health facilities, the relative risk of the absence of information on dosage in the material distributed in pharmacies was 2.08 (confidence interval 95 percent 1.32-3.39). CONCLUSIONS: Although regulations on drug promotion and advertising in the five countries studied generally incorporate the WHO recommendations, promotional materials often fail to reflect the fact.

Publicidad de alimentos en la programación de la televisión mexicana: ¿los niños están más expuestos? / Food advertising in Mexican television: are children more exposed?

OBJETIVOS: Evaluar la publicidad relacionada con alimentos transmitida en los canales gratuitos de televisión de la Ciudad de México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se grabó la transmisión, un día entre semana y uno en fin de semana, de los 11 canales gratuitos de televisión de la Ciudad de México, entre julio y octubre de 2007. Se analizó la duración de los comerciales (N= 9178), los productos anunciados, el valor nutrimental de los alimentos anunciados, así como las estrategias publicitarias utilizadas. RESULTADOS: La publicidad de alimentos fue mayor durante los programas infantiles que durante la programación dirigida a la audiencia general (25.8 vs. 15.4 por ciento). Los alimentos anunciados con mayor frecuencia fueron bebidas con azúcar añadida y dulces, así como cereales con azúcar añadida. Los alimentos anunciados en programas infantiles tuvieron mayor contenido de calorías, grasa y carbohidratos. Las estrategias publicitarias más utilizadas fueron las promociones y asociar productos con emociones positivas. CONCLUSIÓN: Esta investigación ofrece evidencia sobre la necesidad de contar con un sistema de regulación efectiva de la publicidad dirigida a niños y adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate food advertisements on broadcast television channels in Mexico City. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between July and October, 2007 programming by the 11 broadcast channels (N=11) in Mexico City was recorded during one weekday and one weekend day. The length of advertisements (N = 9178), types of products, and nutritional content of foods advertised were analyzed. RESULTS: The time devoted to food products advertising was greater during children's television than during programming targeted to the general audience (25.8 vs. 15.4 percent). The foods more frequently advertised were sweetened beverages, sweets and cereals with added sugar. Calorie, carbohydrate and fat contents were higher in foods advertised during children's shows. The two most common marketing strategies were to offer some kind of gift and to link the item to positive emotions. CONCLUSION: The findings of this research indicate the need for an effective system to regulate advertising directed towards children and adolescents.

Apreciação de propagandas de cerveja por adolescentes: relações com a exposição prévia às mesmas e o consumo de álcool / Brazilian teenagers and beer advertising: relationship between exposure, positive response, and alcohol consumption

No Brasil, evidências epidemiológicas entre jovens e adolescentes indicam preocupante padrão de consumo de álcool. Entre os fatores que influenciam o consumo dos mais jovens estão as estratégias de publicidade. Pretendeu-se avaliar a relação entre apreciação das propagandas televisivas de cerveja, exposição a essas propagandas e consumo de álcool entre adolescentes. Trinta e duas propagandas recentes foram exibidas a 133 estudantes, de 1º e 2º anos do Ensino Médio de escolas públicas de São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brasil. Para cada propaganda, atribuíram notas (0 a 10) representando a apreciação e quantas vezes já tinham assistido cada uma anteriormente (exposição). Responderam se consumiam álcool e com qual freqüência. Dez das 32 propagandas foram incluídas na análise estatística (as cinco mais e as cinco menos apreciadas). As cinco propagandas mais apreciadas já tinham sido assistidas anteriormente, o que não ocorreu com as menos pontuadas. Ademais, entre as cinco mais apreciadas, notas estatisticamente maiores foram atribuídas pelos adolescentes que consumiram cerveja no último mês. O estudo encontrou uma relação positiva entre apreciação e exposição, bem como com o consumo de álcool.

Brazilian teenagers report problematic patterns of alcohol consumption. Alcohol advertising strategies are one of the main factors influencing adolescents' alcohol consumption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between positive responses to TV beer commercials, exposure, and alcohol consumption. Thirty-two recent TV commercials were shown to 133 high school students from public schools in São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo State, Brazil. The subjects recorded how well they liked the ads and how often they had already watched each commercial. The teenagers also reported their alcohol consumption rates. The ten commercials analyzed in this article were the five most popular and the five least popular. The analysis showed that subjects had already seen the five most popular ads, but not the five least popular. In addition, the five most popular ads received higher scores from teenagers that reported having consumed beer during the previous month. The study found a positive relationship between enjoying beer advertising and exposure to beer ads, as well as between alcohol consumption and positive responses to alcohol commercials.

O impacto da publicidade de bebidas alcoólicas sobre o consumo entre jovens: revisão da literatura internacional: [revisão] / Alcohol advertising and alcohol consumption among youngsters: review of the international literature: [review]

OBJETIVO: Problemas relacionados ao consumo de álcool são freqüentes, especialmente entre a população jovem. A publicidade de bebidas alcoólicas é um dos fatores passíveis de modificação com impacto no aumento do consumo de álcool. MÉTODO: Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica de trabalhos que investigaram de diversos pontos de vista o impacto da publicidade do álcool sobre o consumo. A busca foi feita nas bases de dados Medline, SciELO, PsychoInfo e Google Scholar no período entre 1990 e 2008 e utilizou-se a técnica de " bola de neve" para a indicação de autores mais profícuos na área. Obtiveram-se mais de uma centena de artigos. RESULTADOS: O conjunto de trabalhos aponta que fatores como exposição à publicidade e atratividade da publicidade de bebidas alcoólicas estão relacionados com uma maior expectativa de consumo futuro e com um consumo maior e mais precoce, principalmente entre adolescentes e adultos jovens. Apesar das dificuldades metodológicas, estudos econométricos mais recentes consideram que a redução e/ou banimento de publicidade teria efeito de redução do consumo de álcool. Questões referentes às bases neurofisiológicas do processo de tomada de decisões e da liberdade de escolha no contexto da exposição à publicidade também são discutidas. CONCLUSÕES: O conhecimento atual sobre o tema indica que a redução da exposição à publicidade tem impacto sobre o consumo de álcool, principalmente entre os mais jovens.

OBJECTIVE: Problems related to alcohol consumption are frequent, especially among the youth population. We analyzed advertisement as one of several modifiable factors with impact over alcohol consumption. METHOD: The authors carried out a literature review within Medline, SciELO, PsychoInfo and Google Scholar databases between 1990 and 2008, retrieving studies with different approaches of the alcohol advertisement impact on consumption. Besides, a " snowball" technique was applied to identify the most proficuous authors on the matter. Over a hundred papers were initially selected. RESULTS: The overall set of papers indicate that factors such as exposition to the advertising and attractiveness of the alcoholic beverage advertising are related with greater expectation of future consumption and with a higher and precocious consumption of alcohol, specially among adolescents and young adults. Despite methodological difficulties, recent econometrical studies indicate that reduction and/or banishment of advertising would decrease alcohol consumption. We also consider issues about the neurophysiology of decision making process and the freedom of choice in the context of exposition to advertisements. CONCLUSIONS: The current knowledge on the matter strongly suggests that a reduction of the exposition to alcohol advertisements impacts on its consumption, mainly among young populations.

Semana del lunar lra: campaña de detección del cáncer cutáneo; Parte I. Organización / The mole week

En la División Dermatología del Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín" se realizó una campaña de prevención de cáncer de piel, denominada "Semana del Lunar", que se efectuó del 5 al 9 de octubre de 1992, de 8:00 a 13:00 horas. Concurrieron espontáneamente 2004 pacientes, que fueron asistidos por el equipo de dermatólogos del servicio. Se plantean los objetivos básicos de la campaña, se describen las distintas etapas de la organización y los diferentes materiales de apoyo necesarios